Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour

Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviourTo look at life-span teaching, we necessitate to be apprised of what it is, although the meaning is within the name. It looks at how a normal soulfulness develops passim the life-span. This process begins between conception and birth, the miracle of pregnancy where a integrity-celled organism develops into a foetus and finally a newborn baby emerges into the world. The teaching of this developing infant is matched by the world around them. touch on growth and at critical points stack alter their genetic char molderistics, which atomic number 18 developed within the womb, and the expression of these characteristics.Our exploration begins at birth, where who we are and en commit ultimately become is a life-prospicient endeavour. (http//www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/ schooling/ 2001)In this assignment I am going to look at the infant period of the life-span. ontogenesis occurs across three separate yet overlapping do mains. Biological, which looks at how the proboscis matures, grows and changes. Psycho amicable looks at an singles personality and emotions and also their br separately expectations and interactions. Cognitive involves the mental processes of crafty which includes problem solving, imagining, reasoning and perceiving.According to Erikson (1950) there are 8 dresss of maturation beginning with 0-1 year old, basic trust versus basic mistrust. This involves trusting that things entrust happen either by means of the pincers own ability or trust that the tykes disturbance donor go away provide what is needed. A light upon component in Eriksons theory is mingyd on a solid bond certificate universe make.This ties in with Bowlbys attachment theory (1969), as he believes a secure base must be formed in archaean age done attachment. He believes this attachment volition adjoin in store(predicate) relationships. For workout, attachment in adult intimate relationships posterior mirror preceding attachmentsin childhood, resulting in negative or positive attachments byout the life-span.Eriksons certify arcdegree of development is for 2-3 year olds, autonomy versus shame, doubt. At this age childrens biologic development includes learning to grasp, walk and other physical abilities which ultimately go on to free choice. The child begins to testify control, for example with toilet training. except they whitethorn also develop a olfactioning of shame if the training is non handled adequately. Children need to be enabled to assert any(prenominal) control over their environment. conquest with this leads the child to feeling a sense of purpose. tho this needs to be balanced as the children who exert in any case much power domiciliate experience disapproval from their bursting charge sponsor which will result in the child feeling guilty.In social work practice most theories mother enchantd social work over the years. One example is p sychosocial casework which in many ways is a development from psychodynamic theory in specific the ego psychology of writers such as Erikson. However Thompson criticises Eriksons work on human development as he feels itdoes tend to lack cognisance of broader social issues (the signifi displacece of gender, for example) (Thompson, 2009, p89)A key theory I fey on briefly is attachment. In 1970 Ainsworth and Bell conducted a study which looked at the individual differences in attachment. They used a test called the strange situation to conduct the experiment it involved mothers and 1 year old infants being key outd by researchers in a play-room through a two way mirror. This study is relevant in practice as the social thespian is the stranger. This is why the situation should be observed and record made of what occurs. As a social workers experience grows they whitethorn relate to what they observe on an attachment style.According to Bowlbys research there are scores of issues affecting attachment, for example, a mother suffering from post-natal depression may restrain trouble bonding with her child. This heap pee-pee long-term effects on the child. However the child can form an attachment with a nonher care giver. Although Bowlby insists on it being the mother this does not lease to be the case, as children can adapt and attach to any care giver, as long as all needs are adequately met.Attachment is well-grounded throughout the full life-span not bonnie in infancy. Every person has an attachment style that is unique to them. However a secure base is still needed as early attachment is crucial. When a child has a good early attachment they will learn to trust a new care giver because the child has previously learnt to trust. This over again links Bowlby and Eriksons theories together, both putting attachment and trust as key issues in infancy.The intimacy of attachment is greatest at this early salute of infancy. Its difficult to get more intimat e, than a vulnerable child with their primary election care giver. There are 3 assorted kinds of attachment styles, ambivalent, secure and avoidance. Some attachment styles work well together and others dont. A social workers assessment in attachment styles is vital especially in adoption. As an ambivalent parent, who is very needy for love, this would clash with an avoidance child, whose reaction would be get away from me.Although Bowlbys theories are widely respected some feel his specification of the care giver being the mother as sexist. However his theory is valid and can be used with any care giver the child has and is vital in social work theory.A number of theorists have reconceptualised Bowlbys internal working model of attachment, which regulates talk with meaningful others, as a form of regulatory implicit rational warehousing (Bremmer and Slater, 2004, p208)This maneuvers how Bowlbys attachment theory can be used as a base to support other theorists. other key theo rist for this stage of development is Freud. Freud (1905) believes that from the moment of birth the infants actions are driven by their hope for sexual and bodily pleasure. In infancy there are 3 stages to go through, the vocal stage, the anal stage and the phallic stage. The initial oral stage is satisfied through sucking, for feeding. The second anal stage is released through the act of defecation. The final stage in infancy, the phallic stage is released through the infants interest in their sexual organs.Freud himself fucks the universal outrage that his theory was met with. fewer of the findings of psychoanalysis have met with such universal contradiction or have aroused such an outburst of indignation as the assertion that the sexual function starts at the beginning of life and reveals its presence by all-important(a) signs even in childhood. And yet no other findings of analysis can be demonstrated so easily and so completely. (Freud, 1925a 216-217 cited in Thurschwell, 2009, p40) feeling at all the theorists and the life-span development in general gives you a benchmark of the norm. This enables us through the assessment process of any authorisation abnormalities that may be occurring. The theories are each relevant as they allow us to view why children exhibit certain behaviours. Theory is an integral give way of social work, and the necessary tools needed are noesis skills and values. Having adequate realiseledge means knowing the relevant information, which when skilfully applied makes competent social work practice.Social workers need to be aware of people as ever growing individuals, with a past, present and future. It is vital to understand that serving users are constantly changing and adapting to their surrounding environment. Children are not just miniature adults, they are their own individuals with separate wants and needs. We need to germinate this into name when dealing with children, and not talk around them. When this is no t possible their beaver interests need to be at the heart of every decision made. oft of the distinction that we can make between adult and child owes a lot to how our rescript and the various cultures within it have constructed notions of what is appropriate for a child as opposed to what is appropriate for an adult. (Thompson and Thompson, 2008, p87-88)Although children need to be tough differently than adults we always need to be aware of the future of possibilities they have in front of them. A lot of who we become is mapped out in our childhood, so behaviours need to be noted and understood to help the individual in later life.One disadvantage the life-span development does not take into account is the world around us. This depending on the specific element can lead to Anti-Discriminatory Practice (ADP) or Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP), for example. a lack of pinch and knowledge of different cultural issues. Societal issues have just as much of an effect on infants as on adults. The structure of society often puts people at a disadvantage, for example, societys reaction to disability or race can lead to poverty and even social exclusion.However even with these issues people can sill build up resilience. Resilience enables some individuals to achieve satisfactory outcomes despite their disadvantaged backgrounds. This can be seen through a good school compensating for a delinquent neighbourhood. Even infants show resilience, low birth weight poses a risk to the child, due to the child being unable to grow at the rate required to which in return could affect its immune system, leaving the baby more vulnerable. therefore overcoming this shows great resilience at a very early age.Another issue this raises is society labelling those who are considered to be outside the norm. Labels tend to influence the way people view and respond to what is denominate.Labelling theory describes the response and expectations of others to an act labelled deviant. This ma y create a situation in which the labelled person can do no other than respond in the ways expected. (Davies, 2000, p181)The labelling will have an effect on the care giver and therefore on the infant as well.When looking at infants you need to be aware of the surrounding family. Who at this early and vulnerable stage in development will have a significant bear upon? So although poverty is not something the infant will even be aware of, the care giver will be all too aware. There are a number of circumstances that may affect the way a child is raised poverty is just one societal implication that can have an effect on the entire family. Any of these circumstances can lead to unnecessary stress which will then also impact on the infant.A different factor that can affect growth and development is disease and illness. One example of a condition that affects a childs development is autism. It is considered that autistic children show a lack of interest in people and therefore fail to sh ow the normal attachment to their care giver. Autistic children have varying degrees of communication problems and because learning through play can be restricted, the childs pattern of development will be affected. In autistic children the overall development is torpid and they do not reach the same mental milestones as the child who is normal. However autistic children are known to reach islands of brilliance. For example, although their communication with other children is very limited they may show considerably better powers of holding or drawing skills. So although the development process is very different from the norm, they adapt to their environment as other children do. In the early years it is just a matter of persevering and learning to get to know the infant the same as any other care giver would. In the case of an autistic child the life-span development would not be very useful, nor would the theories that have been suggested during this assignment.The social worker working with the infant will have to do their first initial assessment. Here they are move the foundation for future assessments. They will be looking at the infants development and growth but as mentioned earlier the family will also impact on the infant in various ways. This is where knowledge of the entire life sentence is useful. As every person who is involved with the infant plays a dampen in their development. So an cognisance of what is normal for that person is an advantage. The social worker will also be looking at the social implications that have an effect on the family, both positive and negative. So working with the family as a unit, with the infants well-being at the heart of everything, the social worker can focus on reducing the risk and negative impacts and raising awareness of the positives. This should have a positive affect on the well-being of the child.In conclusion a good knowledge and understanding of the life-span development benefits social workers, as it shows what is considered to be normal development throughout life. This helps social workers recognise when someone is not on target and therefore raises awareness of potential problems. However the disadvantage to this is it doesnt take into account any outside factors that can affect development. These factors include society issues that can lead to ADP and AOP if not taken into account with users and handled appropriately.