Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour

Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviourTo look at life-span teaching, we necessitate to be apprised of what it is, although the meaning is within the name. It looks at how a normal soulfulness develops passim the life-span. This process begins between conception and birth, the miracle of pregnancy where a integrity-celled organism develops into a foetus and finally a newborn baby emerges into the world. The teaching of this developing infant is matched by the world around them. touch on growth and at critical points stack alter their genetic char molderistics, which atomic number 18 developed within the womb, and the expression of these characteristics.Our exploration begins at birth, where who we are and en commit ultimately become is a life-prospicient endeavour. (http//www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/ schooling/ 2001)In this assignment I am going to look at the infant period of the life-span. ontogenesis occurs across three separate yet overlapping do mains. Biological, which looks at how the proboscis matures, grows and changes. Psycho amicable looks at an singles personality and emotions and also their br separately expectations and interactions. Cognitive involves the mental processes of crafty which includes problem solving, imagining, reasoning and perceiving.According to Erikson (1950) there are 8 dresss of maturation beginning with 0-1 year old, basic trust versus basic mistrust. This involves trusting that things entrust happen either by means of the pincers own ability or trust that the tykes disturbance donor go away provide what is needed. A light upon component in Eriksons theory is mingyd on a solid bond certificate universe make.This ties in with Bowlbys attachment theory (1969), as he believes a secure base must be formed in archaean age done attachment. He believes this attachment volition adjoin in store(predicate) relationships. For workout, attachment in adult intimate relationships posterior mirror preceding attachmentsin childhood, resulting in negative or positive attachments byout the life-span.Eriksons certify arcdegree of development is for 2-3 year olds, autonomy versus shame, doubt. At this age childrens biologic development includes learning to grasp, walk and other physical abilities which ultimately go on to free choice. The child begins to testify control, for example with toilet training. except they whitethorn also develop a olfactioning of shame if the training is non handled adequately. Children need to be enabled to assert any(prenominal) control over their environment. conquest with this leads the child to feeling a sense of purpose. tho this needs to be balanced as the children who exert in any case much power domiciliate experience disapproval from their bursting charge sponsor which will result in the child feeling guilty.In social work practice most theories mother enchantd social work over the years. One example is p sychosocial casework which in many ways is a development from psychodynamic theory in specific the ego psychology of writers such as Erikson. However Thompson criticises Eriksons work on human development as he feels itdoes tend to lack cognisance of broader social issues (the signifi displacece of gender, for example) (Thompson, 2009, p89)A key theory I fey on briefly is attachment. In 1970 Ainsworth and Bell conducted a study which looked at the individual differences in attachment. They used a test called the strange situation to conduct the experiment it involved mothers and 1 year old infants being key outd by researchers in a play-room through a two way mirror. This study is relevant in practice as the social thespian is the stranger. This is why the situation should be observed and record made of what occurs. As a social workers experience grows they whitethorn relate to what they observe on an attachment style.According to Bowlbys research there are scores of issues affecting attachment, for example, a mother suffering from post-natal depression may restrain trouble bonding with her child. This heap pee-pee long-term effects on the child. However the child can form an attachment with a nonher care giver. Although Bowlby insists on it being the mother this does not lease to be the case, as children can adapt and attach to any care giver, as long as all needs are adequately met.Attachment is well-grounded throughout the full life-span not bonnie in infancy. Every person has an attachment style that is unique to them. However a secure base is still needed as early attachment is crucial. When a child has a good early attachment they will learn to trust a new care giver because the child has previously learnt to trust. This over again links Bowlby and Eriksons theories together, both putting attachment and trust as key issues in infancy.The intimacy of attachment is greatest at this early salute of infancy. Its difficult to get more intimat e, than a vulnerable child with their primary election care giver. There are 3 assorted kinds of attachment styles, ambivalent, secure and avoidance. Some attachment styles work well together and others dont. A social workers assessment in attachment styles is vital especially in adoption. As an ambivalent parent, who is very needy for love, this would clash with an avoidance child, whose reaction would be get away from me.Although Bowlbys theories are widely respected some feel his specification of the care giver being the mother as sexist. However his theory is valid and can be used with any care giver the child has and is vital in social work theory.A number of theorists have reconceptualised Bowlbys internal working model of attachment, which regulates talk with meaningful others, as a form of regulatory implicit rational warehousing (Bremmer and Slater, 2004, p208)This maneuvers how Bowlbys attachment theory can be used as a base to support other theorists. other key theo rist for this stage of development is Freud. Freud (1905) believes that from the moment of birth the infants actions are driven by their hope for sexual and bodily pleasure. In infancy there are 3 stages to go through, the vocal stage, the anal stage and the phallic stage. The initial oral stage is satisfied through sucking, for feeding. The second anal stage is released through the act of defecation. The final stage in infancy, the phallic stage is released through the infants interest in their sexual organs.Freud himself fucks the universal outrage that his theory was met with. fewer of the findings of psychoanalysis have met with such universal contradiction or have aroused such an outburst of indignation as the assertion that the sexual function starts at the beginning of life and reveals its presence by all-important(a) signs even in childhood. And yet no other findings of analysis can be demonstrated so easily and so completely. (Freud, 1925a 216-217 cited in Thurschwell, 2009, p40) feeling at all the theorists and the life-span development in general gives you a benchmark of the norm. This enables us through the assessment process of any authorisation abnormalities that may be occurring. The theories are each relevant as they allow us to view why children exhibit certain behaviours. Theory is an integral give way of social work, and the necessary tools needed are noesis skills and values. Having adequate realiseledge means knowing the relevant information, which when skilfully applied makes competent social work practice.Social workers need to be aware of people as ever growing individuals, with a past, present and future. It is vital to understand that serving users are constantly changing and adapting to their surrounding environment. Children are not just miniature adults, they are their own individuals with separate wants and needs. We need to germinate this into name when dealing with children, and not talk around them. When this is no t possible their beaver interests need to be at the heart of every decision made. oft of the distinction that we can make between adult and child owes a lot to how our rescript and the various cultures within it have constructed notions of what is appropriate for a child as opposed to what is appropriate for an adult. (Thompson and Thompson, 2008, p87-88)Although children need to be tough differently than adults we always need to be aware of the future of possibilities they have in front of them. A lot of who we become is mapped out in our childhood, so behaviours need to be noted and understood to help the individual in later life.One disadvantage the life-span development does not take into account is the world around us. This depending on the specific element can lead to Anti-Discriminatory Practice (ADP) or Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP), for example. a lack of pinch and knowledge of different cultural issues. Societal issues have just as much of an effect on infants as on adults. The structure of society often puts people at a disadvantage, for example, societys reaction to disability or race can lead to poverty and even social exclusion.However even with these issues people can sill build up resilience. Resilience enables some individuals to achieve satisfactory outcomes despite their disadvantaged backgrounds. This can be seen through a good school compensating for a delinquent neighbourhood. Even infants show resilience, low birth weight poses a risk to the child, due to the child being unable to grow at the rate required to which in return could affect its immune system, leaving the baby more vulnerable. therefore overcoming this shows great resilience at a very early age.Another issue this raises is society labelling those who are considered to be outside the norm. Labels tend to influence the way people view and respond to what is denominate.Labelling theory describes the response and expectations of others to an act labelled deviant. This ma y create a situation in which the labelled person can do no other than respond in the ways expected. (Davies, 2000, p181)The labelling will have an effect on the care giver and therefore on the infant as well.When looking at infants you need to be aware of the surrounding family. Who at this early and vulnerable stage in development will have a significant bear upon? So although poverty is not something the infant will even be aware of, the care giver will be all too aware. There are a number of circumstances that may affect the way a child is raised poverty is just one societal implication that can have an effect on the entire family. Any of these circumstances can lead to unnecessary stress which will then also impact on the infant.A different factor that can affect growth and development is disease and illness. One example of a condition that affects a childs development is autism. It is considered that autistic children show a lack of interest in people and therefore fail to sh ow the normal attachment to their care giver. Autistic children have varying degrees of communication problems and because learning through play can be restricted, the childs pattern of development will be affected. In autistic children the overall development is torpid and they do not reach the same mental milestones as the child who is normal. However autistic children are known to reach islands of brilliance. For example, although their communication with other children is very limited they may show considerably better powers of holding or drawing skills. So although the development process is very different from the norm, they adapt to their environment as other children do. In the early years it is just a matter of persevering and learning to get to know the infant the same as any other care giver would. In the case of an autistic child the life-span development would not be very useful, nor would the theories that have been suggested during this assignment.The social worker working with the infant will have to do their first initial assessment. Here they are move the foundation for future assessments. They will be looking at the infants development and growth but as mentioned earlier the family will also impact on the infant in various ways. This is where knowledge of the entire life sentence is useful. As every person who is involved with the infant plays a dampen in their development. So an cognisance of what is normal for that person is an advantage. The social worker will also be looking at the social implications that have an effect on the family, both positive and negative. So working with the family as a unit, with the infants well-being at the heart of everything, the social worker can focus on reducing the risk and negative impacts and raising awareness of the positives. This should have a positive affect on the well-being of the child.In conclusion a good knowledge and understanding of the life-span development benefits social workers, as it shows what is considered to be normal development throughout life. This helps social workers recognise when someone is not on target and therefore raises awareness of potential problems. However the disadvantage to this is it doesnt take into account any outside factors that can affect development. These factors include society issues that can lead to ADP and AOP if not taken into account with users and handled appropriately.

Case Report On Jive Software Marketing Essay

Case Report On golf stroke Softw atomic number 18 trade EssayFor the basis of this case report we pass on assume Jeremy Wilsons division as VP of Sales for swing music package were we will look at the core make be quiets of the gross revenue parting that ar required to go to cut Software implement their gross gross gross sales frame. In addition we will also look at what steps the peeled VP of Sales deception McCracken accepts to take to resolve the sales problems cut Software were confront due to the growth of the company.Core building blocks of a Sales divisionFor any concern that is going to implement a sales strategy there are some key factors that need to be considered. For example, who are your orient customers, do you lay down any competitors in this market space, what geographic each(prenominal)y regions are you going to concentrate on, and what core building blocks of the sales function are required to realize the sales strategy. In Jives situation w e agnize that their target audience comprised of large scale organizations and SMEs. We also know that Jives character firmly put them to the forefront as the leading provider of accessible networking for try which in essence gave them an advantage over their competitors. As for the geographically regions, due to the nature of their business there are no limitations as to where Jive could not sell their product suite. This leaves the question, what are core building blocks of the sales function they need to put in place? later on reviewing the situation it was determined that the core building blocks were, a centralize culture system, a usable sales pipeline, sales resources, marketing investment and an hold sales budget.Centralized Information SystemThe initiation of a centralized selective teaching system will improve how Jive manage, store and parcel out their information. In employing systems such as Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Office automation Systems (O AS), Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Customer Relationship Management systems (CRM) it allows the integration of the functional areas within the organization.(i.e. Sales and Marketing, Finance, Operations and HR) (Malaga, 2005) The result of this integration provides easier access to twain internal and external information which assists aged management making decisions that take up the daily running of Jive but also helps in achieving their strategic sales goals.Development of a Sales PipelineFollowing the deployment of the information system Jive need to analyze all sales leads that go been generated and employ a functional sales pipeline to give senior management visibility on the sales leads while also enable them to qualify which leads the sales team should be focusing their efforts on. This effectively allows Jive to see which companies would get the greatest benefits out of using Jives social networking enterprise system and to rank them accordingly. (Reynolds, 2012)Sal es ResourcesThe number of resources required to manage all the sales opportunities in the pipeline is critical. That is how many account managers, sales engineers, boldness staff, technical support and field service engineers do Jive need? In addition these resources will require the relevant training in sales, customer support, the CRM information system as salutary as the Jive product suite itself. (Reynolds, 2012)MarketingProviding literature to the sales team in the form of PDFs, brochures etc. For example, information on the product specialisedations, retail expense of the products, lead time on the delivery of the product, warranty duration, an overview of Jives abilities and capabilities, and a sample sales pitch the sales person should deliver to the customer. Also providing the customers with the installing to download a copy of the software to evaluate is extremely cyberspaceable as it allows Jives to showcase the product to wide audience which in snatch will assi st in the generation of sales leads.Sales reckonThe last but not least core building block is Jives sales budget. It is imperative that Jive control the budget to ensure their sales strategy is effective. Developing a centralized information system is overpriced and when you factor in the cost of training, marketing, travel, entertainment etc.. the overall budget arsehole be quite high. (Ma, 2012)A new era for Jive SoftwareFor this section of this report will look at the steps the new VP of Sales John McCracken needs to take to mitigate the sales problems Jive Software were facing.Focus on Enterprise BusinessIn 2008 Chris Morace (VP of increase Marketing) instigated the initial changes in how Jive did their prospecting of customers by moving from the shotgun sales approach of selling to everyone and anyone to concentrating on the enterprise sector. However there may as yet be some issues with the sales reps regarding this strategy. John McCracken will have to address this situ ation and explain that spending a large specify of their time on SME accounts that give little return in the expression of revenue is not the way forward. He needs them to focus their efforts on looking at Jives existing customers and determining, which ones generate high revenues with high profit margins, what problems do Jive solve for these customers, and most importantly why do these customer do business with Jive Software. (Robertson, 2012) In conjunction the sales reps should refrain from selling legacy/patched up products and focus on selling the latest Clearspace product.Pro-Active SellingJohn needs to move the sales team away from the reactive selling done in the past. He should adopt a pro-active solution selling approach to target the customers specific business need or problem they are trying to solve. arguably this would require the sales rep to have detailed knowledge of customers business and industry. However employing this approach would mean the sales reps are w orking more than closely with the customers either by email, telephone or site visits which eventually enables them to forge strong relationships with the key decision makers in these companies whilst also attaining vital market intelligence.Repair the broken link with product developmentFor the incoming success of Jive its important that John has the sales reps feed information gathered from customer visits back into the Jives product development team so they can work on the next generation of Jives product suite. order Group Quota SystemAddress the current problems the quarterly quota system is causing. i solution to this problem could be to apply an annual forecasting system instead. This will end the mid-quarter quota issues that faced the sales reps under Jeremy Wilsons stewardship. However it is still crucial that John holds monthly meetings with his sales team to ensure they are continuously monitoring the situation and the Jive are still on track to meet the forecasted s ales set out at the gelt of the fiscal year. There also needs to be greater hydrofoil when it comes to who is responsible for which accounts, what selling techniques were used and which sales reps are meeting their target sales.Jive Softwares ProfileFinally John should increase Jives company visibleness in the social network enterprise market space. This could be achieved by exhibiting Jives product range at trade shows, publishing articles on Jive Software in industry trade magazines, speaking at industry conferences, providing a list of Jives top enterprise customers on the website as well as getting testimonials from these customers endorsing the Jive product range. (Robertson, 2012)

Research Analysis: Acceptance of Non-Abstinence Goals

look Analysis Acceptance of Non-Abstinence GoalsAaron GlogowskiDr. Michael E. DunnDavis, A. K., Rosenberg H. (2013). Acceptance of Non-Abstinence Goals by Addiction Professionals in the fall in States. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1102-1109. doi 10.1037/a0030563Alan K. Davis and Harold Rosenberg collect observed some once unexpected results from the occasion of do medicatess and alcohol recreationally. While the effects of excessive drug and alcohol use fuddle been monitored and proven to be unsafe and unhealthy, late(a) studies consecrate translaten that a controlled use of them, separatewise referred to as non-abstinence, whitethorn remove several health benefits. Addiction professionals specializing in substance use disorders (SUD) atomic number 18 beginning to open their eyes to new alternatives of drug therapy for their patients. While m whatsoever a(prenominal) of these views argon contr everywheresial among the professional world, legion(predicate) clinicians and doctors are starting to cycle to the estimation of non-abstinence in an attempt to aid their patients much(prenominal) in the great term, by giving them short term goals that are easier for them to achieve. In this article, Davis and Rosenberg have catalogued their findings from a study that they conducted on the c break attitudes and ideals of professionals in many contrastive clinical fields, in regards to the practice and implementation of non-abstinence.Davis and Rosenberg conducted their study based on front surveys that they frame that had been created to determine peoples opinions on the idea of non-abstinence. They asked the subroutineicipants ab emerge how satisfactory they thought it would be to administer a proposal of non-abstinence to patients in octette several(predicate) categories. They divided these categories based on the pillow slip of substance use disorder, as comfortably as the severity of the task and the intended final result f rom the practice. All of the survey respondents were then asked (using the eight categories from the previous question) to give a proportion of patients whom they had prescribed a non-abstinence cognitive process to. They gave proportions in increments of 25%, from none to 100%. After this, the participants were asked to rate its wearableness in different clinical settings. The survey was dissolved with questions virtually the individualized storey of the respondents, such(prenominal) as their practice surroundings, and whether or non they had any bygone hi myth with substance abuse.The survey respondents were mostly Caucasian members of the drawic Association of Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Counselors, and over half of them had previous experience with a substance use disorder. The results appeared to be in party favor of non-abstinence cosmos use as a mid-term goal on the counselling to giving up drug abuse, however, only 32% of respondents said it was acceptable to use non-abstinence as an end-goal. When the issue came to alcohol abuse however, 51% agree that non-abstinence was an acceptable end-goal.On the other hand, when it came to drug or alcohol dependence, removed fewer participants agreed with non-abstinence as a procedure. The participants ranked non-abstinence acceptability for drug dependence as 27% for an intermediate procedure, and 15% for an end-goal. They found actually similar results with alcohol dependence, at 28% and 16% respectively.No payoff what type of drug or severity of the problem, Davis and Rosenbergs participants seemed to disagree with non-abstinence to a greater extent often than agree with it. At least half said that they would non consider non-abstinence as a procedure in any case, disregardless of the situation. Most of the respondents who were against non-abstinence thought it was ineffective, or it did not agree with the treatment doctrine that they had laid out for themselves. Some other reasons why participants disagreed with non-abstinence included things such as a fear for a medical condition that a patient could have, or worries over the legality of the substance that was existence used, or the context in which the patient would be using it (such as minor(ip) drinking, or drug use in a stressful work environment).Another key player in the determination of the acceptability of non-abstinence procedures was the environment in which professionals would be recommending the procedure. In both rehab and detoxification programs, the major(ip)ity of survey participants found it to be a completely unacceptable treatment, with unacceptability ratings at 74% and 68% respectively. However, outpatient programs, DUI/DWI education programs, and independent practices saw significantly better results in terms of acceptability, with unacceptability ratings at 57%, 45%, and 28% respectively.Davis and Rosenberg likewise observed various characteristics of their respondents to determine whet her there was any correlation amid those factors and their word sense of non-abstinence programs. They found that participants who had history with alcohol or drug related issues tended to disagree with non-abstinence programs much than those who had no history with drugs and alcohol, however, the variation was so flyspeck that it was deemed insignificant.In observing the results of their study, Davis and Rosenberg noticed some outside circumstances in relation to their topic of discussion. They realized in conducting the surveys that there was a hypothesis of bias, especially in regards to whether or not the addiction professional was will to work with the client. They found that some professionals were simply unwilling to work with clients who were attempting to bear on taking drugs or alcohol in moderation. These professionals were less likely to accept the possibility of non-abstinence treatments. These same professionals also accepted the fact that some of their clients m ay resort to non-abstinence procedures anyway, even if they didnt prescribe or condone the procedure.Davis and Rosenbergs study, when compared with previous studies on the subject, found that American addiction professionals had become more accepting of non-abstinence in terms of drinking than they had been 20 years prior. The fare of participants who rated non-abstinence as an acceptable mid-goal for alcohol abusers is twice as many as 20 years before their survey. Davis and Rosenberg claim that the increase in acceptance could be due to several factors, including an understanding of non-abstinence as a emf method for reducing long-term harm, and a reduction of total abstinence, or the 12-step program.Other regions still appear to be more accepting of non-abstinence in general, whether it is for a mid-goal or an end-goal. From previous studies, Rosenberg found that the join Kingdom had over an 80% acceptance rate of non-abstinence for alcohol abusers, and a 68% mid-goal as well as a 50% end-goal for alcohol dependence. Overall, even though America is slowly becoming more accepting of non-abstinence, they still have a long way to go before they reach the United Kingdoms acceptance level.Davis and Rosenberg realize that their study may be skewed by outside factors, such as the study being a web-based study, or an inherent bias with the way that questions were asked. With regard to the outliers, Davis and Rosenberg conclude their study with notice for those practicing non-abstinence as it is becoming more common, especially in outpatient or independent practices.Everyday Use, Alice pushchair Symbolism And CharactersEveryday Use, Alice Walker Symbolism And CharactersIn the story Everyday Use, Alice Walker uses a dilate description to attend to describe the symbolism of the unique and highly determine comfortablenesss, as well as, contrasting the characters throughout the story. The comforters stand as a unique(predicate) symbol and as more than right eous a notional piece of artwork throughout the story. According to an article write by Sam Whitsitt, the reliever, itself, represents the history and tradition that binds the African stopping point to the medieval and the late(prenominal) to the present (Whitsitt, 445). The quilts helps award the theme of African American heritage throughout the story and binds milliamperes ancestors and her heritage altogether. The quilts signify the bond amongst each generation and the impact they have on each main character in the story, which include momma, Dee and Maggie. Walkers usage of the quilts throughout the story also helps demonstrate the differences between each of the characters. The quilts are the main focus in the story that brings out the characters certain personalities and memorializes the differences in those personalities. Throughout the story Everyday Use by Alice Walker, the quilts help portray the unique cultural symbolism of the African tillage and the way th ey view quilting, as well as, illustrating the differences of the main characters in the story.In the story, quilting is used as a symbol to signify the African American past. The quilts are a primary symbol that stands for the ties of heritage and the distinctive cultivation of Mamas family. According to an article written by Claudia Tate, Barbara T. Christian, the person who seecases the principal of Walkers works and the traditions of African-American literature, explains that Walker articulates the metaphor of quilting to represent the creative legacy that African Americans have geted from their maternal ancestors (Tate, 308). Quilting is part of the African American past and travels from generation to generation. According to an article written by David Cowart, the quilt that Dee, or Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, fights over links her generation to previous generations and, therefore, the quilt is shown to represent the African American past (Cowart, 171). There are many typ es of unique patterns in the quilts that Mama and Dee are dis dictateing over. According to Whitsitts article, many African American quilters employ large, often abstract designs, the use of these different designs shows the uniqueness of the quilt (Whitsitt, 454). The patterns in the quilts represent the African American past and Mamas heritage. In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jattells Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece, about the size of a penny matchbox, that was from Great Grandpa Ezras uniform that he wore in the Civil War (Walker, 113). The use of these different types of patterns in the quilts symbolizes the history of Mamas family and the creative thinking they had. The precious materials used in make the quilts represent the enculturation and the high encourage they each stand. The fabric that is used in the making of the quilts shows Mamas unique culture and the love her family has for their culture. The work Mama, Grandma Dee, and Big Dee stage into the quilts show their strong African American heritage and background.In the African American culture many quilts travel from generation to generation to show ones familys culture and where they came from (Cowart, 171). The quilts Dee and Mama are fighting over are to be traveled from generation to generation, also, to help keep the culture alive. The quilts play a major role in the family because of the prestigious heritage they each contain. They help show the distinctive African heritage and special cultural symbolism. The quilt ties everything, heritage included, together. As the quilts are passed down the familys history and culture is past down, also, which makes the quilts play a special role in the African American culture.The quilts made by Mama, Grandma Dee and Big Dee are not only used as a symbol throughout the story just are shown as objects that the African American culture keeps in hold beca use of the value the they contain (Whitsitt, 455). The quilts contain a historic value because of the creativeness that was put into making them. As Patricia Mainardi notes in Whitsitts article, many inhabitants of the African culture who make the quilts sign them and date them to show the high value they contain and also put a list in their will of who should inherit the quilts they make once they pass away (Whitsitt, 455). The quilts have a specific value and are treated with much care because of the strong culture they uphold. Throughout the story Mama and Maggie distinguish the quilts as more than just a piece of artwork, instead they see them as something to treasure in remembrance of love ones. According to Whitsitts article, the quilt represents those values of things which do not circulate, do not wander, do not gel traded or change but, rather, stay at home (Whitsitt, 454). They value them because the quilts remind them of their beloved relatives, such as Grandma Dee and B ig Dee.The quilts portray a high value throughout the story and because of this high value Mama promises the quilt to Maggie for when she marries (Whitsitt, 455). Mama wants to give Maggie the quilts because of the history they each contain and because Mama wants the quilts to be utilize in everyday use. If the quilts were to be hung on the paries, like Dee wanted to do to preserve the African American heritage, then the true culture wouldnt be shown. On the other hand, if the quilt was put to everyday use, like Maggie would do with the quilt, then the African heritage would be shown and kept alive because it was being put to use. Mama wants to give Maggie the quilts for that reason. Mama knows Maggie will preserve the quilts and put them to everyday use to remember her ancestors and their families history and culture.Throughout the story the quilt not only shows symbolism and value but also helps in contrasting each character. According to the article by Susan Farrell, Dee is see n throughout the story as shallow, condescending, and manipulative, as well as, overly concerned with style, fashion, and aesthetics, and thus as lacking a true understanding of her heritage (Farrell, 179). Mama remembers Dee as a fearless girl who, unlike herself, would always look anyone in the eyes. Hesitation was not part of her nature (Farrell, 181). Dee is seen throughout the story as very different then Mama and Maggie because she is very selfish and demanding (Farrell, 181). Maggie, on the other hand, was the complete opposite of her sister. Maggie, throughout the story, was seen as the quiet and faltering child with no characteristics that related to her sister. In Farrells article, she states that most readers see Mama and Maggie as having a true sense of heritage as contrary to Dees false or shallow understanding of the past (Farrell, 183). Mama and Maggie are seen throughout the story as wanting to cherish their heritage by keeping the quilts to use, as well as, to rem ember loved ones. Dee, on the other hand, sees the quilts as something that should be kept in reserve and to hang on the wall as a unique piece of artwork. Maggies moderation in the story contrasts with Dees courage (Farrell, 183). When Dee says that Maggie would ruin the quilts by putting them to everyday use, and that hanging the quilts would be the only way to preserve them, Maggie, like somebody used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her, meekly replies She can have them, Mama, I can member Grandma Dee without the quilts(Farrell, 183-184). Once this occurs, Mama acts in a different manner than she has before. She sees Maggie standing with her turn over hidden in her skirt and says When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. Just like when Im in church and the looking of God touches me and I get happy and shout (Farrell, 184). This powerful olfactory sensation causes Mama to do something s he never had done before she snatched the quilts out of Dees hands and dumped them into Maggies lap(Farrell, 184). This scene in the story is the only part where Mama acts otherwise than before. Instead of acting like the patient Maggie, Mama begins to act more like Dee, with her refusal to back down and her motivation to stand up for herself (Farrell, 184). The quilt in the story acts as a way to contrast the characters and show their different personalities.Throughout the story, the quilts symbolize and show the value of the African American culture, as well as, acting in a way to show the differences between the main characters in Everyday Use. The quilts play a major role in Everyday Use and are mentioned throughout the holy story. The quilts have an impact on each character throughout the story, and they help in contrasting each character and showing symbolism of the African American culture. The mentioning of the quilts display the importance of the African American heritage and the true value it has on Mama, Maggie, and Dee. Dee is shown wanting the quilts to just hang on the wall and show their unique culture from afar. In actuality, the quilt is shown as a symbol of the African American heritage and importance of remembering loved ones. The remembrance of Mamas ancestors will also be preserved forever with the use of the quilt in everyday life. The values of the quilts are shown as a way to remember the loved ones who helped in the making of them and also of Mamas ancestors. The quilts portray the unique cultural bond between Mamas ancestors and her heritage. The quilt binds Mamas ancestors and the value of her heritage together and shows the impact the quilt has on her, Maggie and Dee. The quilt brings out the respective(a) personalities of Mama, Maggie and Dee throughout the story and the different views they have on their heritage, as well as, the actions they each take. With the usage of the quilts, the distinction between each character is sho wn, as well as, the unique cultural symbolism throughout the entire story.

What Is Meant By Language Varieties?

What Is Meant By persuadeion Varieties?Language is defined as a g all overning bodyatic map of sounds, gestures or symbols for communication. It has a complex system where the rules ar non cl earlyish stated and is productive as an innumerable number of fourth dimensions can be produced once the rules ar looked.Varieties of LanguageThe expressions and subroutines of a language varies in many ways. The diagram below illustrates these language varieties Language VarietiesParticipantsGeographicalRegistersSocialHistoricalMedium resultsSetting1. Historicali) gray side it was descended from the languages spoken by the Germanic tribes when they invaded England more or less 500 AD. The motley dialects spoken by these invaders formed the early side language.ii) Middle English was the result of the French influence of the Normans and lasted from 1100-1500 ADiii) Modern English is small into early Modern English and late Modern English.The former began around the time of want onwright, William Shakespe ar.Late Modern English occurred around 1800 during British supremacy and colonisation of other parts of the world.2. GeographicalEnglish whitethorn be the native language of England but overdue to various reasons such as colonisation, migration, globalisation, cultural, economic, etc, it had spread to other countries around the world.However, the language utilize in these incompatible countries developed independently from the original language due to influences by topical anaesthetic languages.These influences cause, among other things, the differences in the pronunciation, thus producing their distinctive accent.Some forms of these areAmerican EnglishAustralian EnglishIndian EnglishIn certain(p) regions,there are antithetical versions of the same language called dialects. These dialects have distinct grammar, expression and accent.Eg Cant wizardse ( dialect of Mandarin) Aboriginal English (Australia).3. SocialIt refers to the use of the langua ge in price of the genial class or identity. Eg The upper class fiat in Britain work to use Received Pronunciation (RP) withal know as Queens English or BBC English while others tend to use Cockney English.4. RegistersThese are variations caused by i) SettingIt has a large-mouthed influence in the application of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Different industries such as Legal, IT, Food Beverage, Technical or Hotel Service has their own grammar or technical jargon.Eg Lawyers would use buckram or legal terms in the execution of their papers or court hearings whereas an electrician needs to empathize technical terms to issue instructions or to describe repairs.ii) ParticipantsThe age, sex, grouping identity and graphemes lead influence the language used.AgeA antithetical variety of language is used when talking to children, eg. Peekaboo than when talking to a peer. SexFemales tend to be more hyperbolic or communicatory in their run-in while males lyric is more s ubdued.RolesThe role we play in our day-to-day contact with others affect the way we communicate. Eg as a spouse, colleague, parent, teacher, etc.iii) TopicDifferent subjects have its own specialized pitch of vocabulary and grammar usage.Eg A disc jockey and a priest would use different sets of the same language to engender their messages.iv) MediumIt can be visual or auditory. Visual (reading and pen)In reading, there are different degrees of formality and also more vocabulary than in listening.In writing, grammatic rules need to be applied and time is needed to interpret the create verbally wordAuditory ( chating and listening)Having good listening skills certainly sponsors nonpareil to recess up and improve on language skills, esp. in intonations, grammar or vocabulary.In speech, quarrel are usually accompanied by body gestures to convey the message. Words spoken rarely needs to be interpreted, unlike written terminology.ConclusionAs the usage of English language e xpands across the globe, influences from local cultures, language or from new discoveries in Science and Technology go away evolve the language, making it more varied than ever.Referenceswapedia.mobi/en/Variety_(linguisticsCategories Linguistics Varieties of Englishwww.icalweb.com/wiki/Varieties_of_EnglishAn Introduction to International Varieties of English by L Bauer Related articlesQ2. What is communicative susceptibility?Communicative competency refers to a language users grammatic cognition of sentence structure, morphology, phonology, etc as well as social knowledge close how and when to use utterances befittingly.(Dell Hymes,1966)The desired outcome is the business leader to use the language correctly and appropriately to accomplish communication finishings, not the ability to use the language just as a native speaker does.This outcome depends on 1) correctness in deliveryOther than having knowledge of the words and rules of the language (linguistics), one must als o learn not just to say what one means but to use the right words to suit the situation.The words used in to communicate with a friend may control to be inappropriate when speaking to your headmaster.Eg Hi Buddy, have a twit good day.Good Morning, Mr. BrownSpeech can be sort out into Casual/Intimate SpeechIt is easy going and natural, mainly occurring amid family, friends or people whom you are comfortable with. It may contain many omitted forms of grammar and missing words .Eg Want tea?I go station now. You coming ?.ii) Formal SpeechIt is more careful but also natural. Proper word sentences and grammar rules are observed and may be used in office or court settings between employer-employee, lawyer-client, etc.iii) honoring SpeechIt tends to be more unnatural where the rhythm and intonation are quite different from normal speech.2) Appropriateness in WritingCompetency in writing, such as knowledge of grammatical rules, spelling, etc cannot be overlooked. However, different s ituations dictate different styles of writing.i) TelegramsWhere the main message or the gist of it has to be communicated in the shortest time, correct grammar form used may be inappropriate.ii) EssaysIt is formal writing where grammatical rules, semantics, spelling, etc has to be observed.iii) PoetryThe poetic style of writing may not follow the grammatical rules of the language.iv) Legal DocumentThe terms and language used have to be very formal and expressively written.3) Appropriateness in SettingBeing competent in utilise the language appropriately in a social setting will enable you to be understood and accepted. The setting is influenced byi) ParticipantThe social status, sex and age will affect the style of speech .Eg speech use to communicate with a child is different from communicating with an adult.ii) TopicSpeech used depend on the subject. Eg words used for a recipe discussion will imply ingredients, method, measures while IT skills will include computer,download,prin ter.In conclusion, where English is taught as a foreign or endorsement language, it has become widely accepted that communicative competence should be the goal of language attainment. This is unlike previous views in which linguistics competence was ordinaryly given top priority.ReferencesEn.wikipedia.org/wiki/communicative competencewww.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/communicative competencewww.nclrc.org/essentials/goalsmethods/goal.htmSection BQ1 What are the various stages of L1 acquisition? How does this knowledge help us in L2 teaching?Language is commonly defined as any means of conveying or communicating ideas and language acquisition is learning how to communicate these ideas. It is the process by which people acquire the ability to perceive, produce and get into the words to communicate. setoff language(L1), which is also known as native language or mother tongue is acquired naturally due to ones needs to communicate in order to fulfil his wants.Acquisitio n Of First LanguageIt occurs in stages from birth.Stage 1 Pre SpeechBabies respond to speech around them more keenly than to other sounds and from birth, will learn to give in attention and distinguish the following in their environment before they speak i) speech phonemes of the language, eg the speech sound of t and d in lap up and badii) intonation the rising and falling intonationsiii) rhythm of speech phonological or system of speech patterns in the language used.Stage 2 BabblingBabies begin to babble from around 3 to 4 months old. It is basically speech sounds with rising and falling intonations.These indiscriminate utterances (eg dadada or nanana..) do not make sense to the listener but the baby appears to understand the heart and soul of it.Stage 3 One word (Holophrastic) stageAt about ten months, infants start to utter their first recognizable words althoughi) pronunciations may be inaccurateeg eep for sleepii) vocalized words may not correlate with words in the la nguageeg meh for cat or ta for souseiii) certain words may be distortedeg goggy for doggieiv) reiteration of wordseg da-da,na-naStage 4 Two word stageBabies are able to say mini sentences with simple semantic links from 18months onwards.Eg cat no (there is no cat )At this stage, their ability to express is not as advanced as an adult. The semantic use of words are either too broad or too narrow. He may call any round item ball or only himself and no one else boyHowever, these underextensions and overextensions develop and change over time.Stage 5 Multi word Stage (Telegraphic Stage)By two years, nigh children are able to speak in sentences of several words. These telegraphic sentence structures are made up of lexical morphemes which are grammatically incomplete.Eg No eat instead of I wont eat.Stage 6 regulation speechBy about 3 years of age, they would have acquired grammatical and functional structures of words to be able to conduct normal speech. stake language (L2) is any language learned after the first language. distant L1, it is normally acquired in order to integrate with the environment.and is achieved through active learning and motivation.As L2 learners follows the same stages of acquisition as L1 learners,it is beneficial if we understand and apply these stages because it will help us to educate L2 learners more effectively.Acquisition of warrant LanguageThe stages that L2 learners go through areStage 1 tacit StageIn an environment which is similar to the Pre-Speech Stage of L1, they hear and learn to recognize the distinctive sounds of words and pronunciations.During this silent stage, they may not speak but can respond various ways such as pointing to an object, person or gesturing with a yes and no response.Stage 2 archeozoic SpeechDuring this stage, utterances of first words (holophrastic) gradually make way to speaking a few simple words and then, simple phrases of the language. Mispronunciations are common during this stage and s entences are telegraphic in nature.Stage 3 Speech EmergenceLearners try to form sentences and will make mistakes in the grammatical structuring of the sentences.By making use of the Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), the development of the learner can be assessed by measuring the morphemes uttered.EgEarly In Between LaterYou eat? You eating? Are you eating?From the early stage of 2 morphemes, it develops to 3 and then finally 4 morphemes where the grammar and syntax are in order.Stage 4 Language ProficiencyLearners are capable of using complex sentences and apply the acquired language to a great extent. They can opine, discuss and most importantly, begin to think in the stand by language.Teachers RoleIn all the above stages, the teacher takes the important role of the mother where she encourages, repeats and reinforces the language.By motivating and making the learners feel secure in a conducive environment, learners will be more willing and surefooted to acquire a second language .